A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users L

With homelessness levels rapidly increasing in the UK (Fitzpatrick et al., 2012), the necessity for a study analysing the spatial needs of homeless individuals who suffer from drug abuse and are housed in hostels/night shelters was paramount. The task of the critical appraisal is to firstly, summarise the research article A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters (2013), discuss the methodology presented throughout it and further examine if whether it was appropriate for the topic. Towards the end, the research findings will be discussed and an assessment of whether the article is beneficial for the housing sector or not, will be provided, along with any possible recommendations. The subject matter of the aforementioned journal article is an exploration of a sub-category of homeless individuals, namely drug users homeless. The correlation between homelessness and drug abuse and the vicious impact that each issues has on the other one, is sought throughout the article, reinforcing the need to tackle each one separately in order to reach an effective end result. After defining terms such as homelessness, drug use and night shelters, it continues to present a seven-fold categorisation of spatial needs that seem to not be met entirely by homeless accommodation providers. It argues that, according to Fitzpatrick and LaGory (2000), every individual requires a sense of privacy, safety, personal space and reasonable human interaction in order to maintain a healthy life and follows to provide definitions for the concepts of privacy and personal space. After presenting the layout of the article, it proceeds to discuss the methods applied for its research analysis and i ntrodu... ... Greg Guest, Emily E. Namey, Marilyn L. Mitchell (2013) Collecting Qualitative Data, A Field Manual for Applied Research, Sage Publications Given, L.M. (2008) The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Sage Publications Markle, D. T., Richard E. West & Peter J. Rich, Markle, D. Thomas; West, Richard E. & Rich, Peter J. (2011). Beyond Transcription: Technology, Change, and Refinement of Method [49 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12(3), Art. 21, Wholey, J.S., Hatry H.P., Newcomer K.E. (eds.) (2004) Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation , 2nd Edition. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Patton, M.K (2002) Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3rd Edition. Sage Publications . Maslow, A. H., A theory of human motivation Psychological Review, 50(4), Jul 1943, pp. 370-396. doi: 10.1037/h0054346

Company as a Separate Legal Entity Essay

A legal entity, typically a business, that is defined as detached from another business or individual with respect to accountability. A separate legal entity may be set up in the case of a corporation or a limited liability company, to separate the actions of the entity from those of the individual or other company. Meaning: If a business is a separate legal entity, it means it has some of the same rights in law as a person. It is, for example, able to enter contracts. In New Zealand, a company is a separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders) and can, for example, be sued, and enter into contracts in the name of the company, not the shareholders. Sole traders and partnerships are not separate legal, entities from the owners. Some Business entities like corporation, LLC can exist separately from its owners. In a common language that a corporation is a separate entity of its owners and corporation itself is an entity like human being created through legal or official process. Corporation lives and does its activities at its own existences and is treated in its own capacity. It does the business, it generates the revenue, it can incur losses, it hires the employees and it pays its own taxes. It is a better form of existence for the reason it takes its responsibilities itself, owners are free from their personal liabilities and owners enjoy limited personal liability (risk) only up to their investments in stocks, though there may be certain situations where their personal responsibilities can exceed from limited liability concept. Separate Entity Concept is better choice and it has better features because corporation enjoys separate entity concept, has indefinite life (perpetual). Management and ownership may change but corporation will exist indefinitely at its own existence, unless it is officially dissolved or merged. Corporation has a better scope for large & multiple businesses, expending business, securing debts, attracting investors, retaining professional setup and engaging professional management, promoting & achieving new ideal, expanding its activities at local to global level. Under Separate Entity Concept, Corporation is treated in its own capacity, but it is not a human being, it is an artificial being, therefore, it has to be managed by people in different capacities such as owners, The shareholders were Mr. Salomon,his wife, daughter and four sons. Two of his sons became directors; Mr. Salomon himself was managing director. Mr. Salomon owned 20,001 of the company’s 20,007 shares – the remaining six were shared individually between the other six shareholders. Mr. Salomon sold his business to the new corporation for almost ? 39,000, of which ? 10,000 was a debt to him. He was thus simultaneously the company’s principal shareholder and its principal creditor. Transfer of the business took place on June 1, 1892. The purchase money the company paid to Mr. Salomon for the business was ? 20,000. The company also gave Mr. Salomon ? 10,000 in debentures: that is, Salomon gave the company a ? 10,000 loan, secured by a charge over the assets of the company. The balance paid went to extinguish the business’s debts (? 1,000 of which was cash to Salomon). Soon after Mr. Salomon incorporated his business a series of strikes in the shoe industry led the government, Salomon’s main customer, to split its contracts among more firms. The government wanted to diversify its supply base to avoid the risk of its few suppliers being crippled by strikes. His warehouse, as a consequence, was full of unsold stock. He and his wife lent the company money, and he cancelled his debentures, but the company needed more money, so they sought ? 5,000 from a Mr. Edmund Broderip. Mr. Salomon assigned Broderip his debenture, the loan with ten per cent interest and secured by a floating charge. But Salomon’s business still failed, and he could not keep up with the interest payments. In October 1893, Broderip sued to enforce his security. The company was put into liquidation. Broderip was repaid his ? ,000, and the debenture was reassigned to Salomon, who retained the floating charge over the company JUDGMENT High Court: When the company went into liquidation, the liquidator argued that the debentures used by Mr. Salomon as security for the debt were invalid, on the grounds of fraud. The judge, Vaughan Williams J. accepted this argument, ruling that since Mr. Salomon had created the company solely to transfer his business to it, the company was in reality his agent and he as principal was liable for debts to unsecured creditors. Court Of Appeal: The Court of Appeal also ruled against Mr. Salomon, though on the grounds that Mr. Salomon had abused the privileges of incorporation and limited liability, which the Legislature had intended only to confer on â€Å"independent bona fide shareholders, who had a mind and will of their own and were not mere puppets†. The Lords: The House of Lords unanimously overturned this decision, rejecting the arguments from agency and fraud. They held that there was nothing in the Act about whether the subscribers (i. e. he shareholders) should be independent of the majority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in law and it was not the function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselves considered expedient. The 1862 Act created limited liability companies as legal persons separate and distinct from the shareholders. Lord Halsbury stated that the statute â€Å"enacts nothing as to the extent or degree of interest which may be held by each of t he seven [shareholders] or as to the proportion of interest or influence possessed by one or the majority over the others. Lord Halsbury remarked that – even if he were to accept the proposition that judges were at liberty to insert words to manifest the intention they wished to impute to the Legislature – he was unable to discover what affirmative proposition the Court of Appeal’s logic suggested. He considered that identifying such an affirmative proposition represented an â€Å"insuperable difficulty† for anyone putting forward the argument propounded by the lord justices of appeal. Lord Herschell noted the potentially â€Å"far reaching† implications of the Court of Appeal’s logic and that in recent years many companies had been set up in which one or more of the seven shareholders were â€Å"disinterested persons† who did not wield any influence over the management of the company. Anyone dealing with such a company was aware of its nature as such, and could by consulting the register of shareholders become aware of the breakdown of share ownership among the shareholders. Lord Macnaghten asked what was wrong with Mr. Salomon taking advantage of the provisions set out in the statute, as he was perfectly legitimately entitled to do. It was not the function of judges to read limitations into a statute on the basis of their own personal view that, if the laws of the land allowed such a thing, they were â€Å"in a most lamentable state†, as Malins V-C had stated in an earlier case in point, In Re Baglan Hall Colliery Co. , which had likewise been overturned by the House of Lords.

How my Father and my Brother Influenced my Life - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1316 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Family Essay Did you like this example? In this paper I explored the lives of two male influences in my life, my dad and my brother. Being that one was born and raised in Brazil and one was born and raised in America, I was interested to learn about their childhood, journey into adulthood, as well as compare their stories to one another. In this interview I will dissect their infancy, their adolescence in reference to relationships, and their adulthood employment and expectations. The Dahlgren-Whitehead rainbow model is a framework for human interaction with the environment, it shows us how people are affected by different institution in their lives such as friends, families, and religious groups. According to Andersen chapter 2, institutions include specific participants who share expectations and act in specific roles with rights and duties attached to them. Jader Junior was born July 28th, 1968 in Maceio Alagoas, Brazil. He is one of ten children. He was born and raised in the country side with both his parents and his siblings, 5 girls and 4 boys. Jader’s institutions are exceptionally impacted by Brazilian culture. Culture is a major influence on the organization of social relations, it defines what is appropriate and expected behavior for men and women in society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How my Father and my Brother Influenced my Life" essay for you Create order Anderson chapter 6, talks about how families often develop kin networks that work as systems of social and economic exchange. Hispanic clans have a major reliance on extended kin such as grandparents. This was the case in Jader Juniors life, both set of grandparents played a crucial role in his upbringing as a child. Andersen also said the family ideal is an ideology; a belief system suggesting that all people should live in nuclear families, that women should have husbands to support them, and that motherhood is women’s major role. Family roles are diverse and often change throughout time, but men and women often experience families in different ways. For Jader Jr., when asked about his roles/responsibilities as a child around the house he said nothing, and neither did his brothers. However, his five sisters needed to help his mother with chorus around the house, such as cooking, cleaning, and laundry. His father was the financial provider of the house, his mother was a hous e wife/mom who took care of the home and all who lived there, and the children’s responsibility was to go to school and be good students. This is an example of â€Å"separation of spheres†, where women were in charge of the private sphere, home life, and men were in charge of the public sphere, work life. During Jader Jr’s adolescence, dating systems became centered around hooking up. Andersen chapter 4 refers to â€Å"hooking up† as sexual behaviors that includes no ongoing commitment to the other person. In the â€Å"Is hooking up bad for young women† reading, the text talked about how hooking up hasn’t replaced committed relationships however, gave dating a new name. In the text, hooking up means† kissing; for others, it means sexual-genital play but not intercourse; and for still others, it means sexual intercourse† (Andersen ch 4). Between the ages of 18-23 Jader Jr took part in this hookup culture. However, it confirms it did not replace serious relationships because at 23 years old, when he met Alessandra, their relationship was defined as serious in hopes of marriage. Both Jader Jr and Alessandra were of the same class system and worked the same job at the mall. This is an example of what the text refers to in chapter 4 as sociological dimension; â€Å"all forms of relationships are situated within relationships of power, social institutional structures, and systems of inequality based on the intersections of race, gender, and class.† In adulthood there was a major shift in events that affected Jader Jr’s life, he moved to The United States of America. The reason for the move was a search for better employment opportunity and better education systems for his newborn child. According to Jader Jr, it was very difficult moving to a new country he didn’t speak the language without any family support. However, he says his expectations were met. He was able to find employment in construction, which was challenging and labor intensive. He would work very early to very late hours. However, it provided him with enough to provide for his family and establish a foundation in this new country. Through gender socialization, different behaviors and attitudes are encouraged and discouraged in men and women. According to the New York Times: Work Culture’s Toll on Families and Gender Equality, men are expected to be devoted to their work â€Å"men are required by the culture to be these superheroes, to fulfi ll this devotion and single -minded commitment to work.† Jader Neto was born March 2nd, 2004 in Miami Beach, FL. He is one of two children, but the first born US citizen. He was raised in the suburbs/city with both his parents and his sister. Unlike Jader Junior, Jader Neto did not have any extended family in America, like grandparents, while growing up. Some institutions that influence Jader Neto’s life are his family members, school friends, and the music industry (he is a musician). However, he is also impacted by Brazilian culture since his parents raise him as such. Anderson chapter 2 states â€Å"gender expectations in a culture are routinely expressed subtly in social interaction†. When Jader Neto was asked about his role/responsibilities around the house as a child, like Jader Jr, he claimed to not have any, except go to school and get good grades. His childhood upbringing can be explained though the social construct of gender; which refers to the many different processes by which the expectations associated with bein g a boy/man or girl/woman are passed on through society. Currently in Jader Neto’s adolescence, when asked about the dating system his response was â€Å"Dating means going out on dates, such as dinner and movies, with someone you like. You date in order to get to know someone better to see how suited you both are for marriage†. Although he is not yet dating, he sees marriage as the function for dating. When asked how he would select the right person to date he claimed to look for similar interest and physical attraction. â€Å"Hooking up and dating are two sides of a coin† reading states â€Å"sexual attraction was reported most often as the reason for both hookups and dates†. Jader Neto also shared that socio-economic standing would not influence his attraction for a mate however, if he was dating someone of a higher standing than him he would act more appropriate around them. Although Jader Neto is not yet of age, we spoke about his expectations for adulthood. When it comes to future responsibilities Jader Neto believes he will assume all financial responsibility over the family as well as help be a part of his children’s upbringing, by playing with them and teaching them musical instruments. As far as keeping the balance between home and work life, Jader Neto said he would not let work come between the family, â€Å"If a job required me to move away for a long period I would turn them down†. In conclusion, I was able to see how culture is a major influence on institutions that shape an individual’s life. I also noticed a major lack of growth regarding the social construct of gender in Brazilian culture. Both Jader Jr and Jader Neto had similar childhood experiences, neither had responsibilities in the house. Both had parents who reinforced the importance of an education however, never instilled a sense of domestic responsibility. Both interviewees also claimed financial responsibility over the family and established breadwinner roles. It could be that Hispanic culture till this day still instills and passes on stigmas from the patriarchy. Overall, it appears that cultural expectations associated with gender heavily impact the experiences of an individual in society.