Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay - 902 Words

â€Å"...how can you hate Hitler so bad an’ then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home-† (Lee 247). Scout, the young narrator of Lee Harper’s To Kill a Mockingbird, poses a fair question on the topic of racism in the southern town of Maycomb, Alabama. The narrative talks of a situation similar to historical events whose impact is still seen in the United States today. Aspects of real-life events involving cases based on race, such as all-white juries, clear evidence that is ignored, and no justice being served, influenced Harper Lee’s fictional novel of To Kill a Mockingbird. In Scottsboro, a small town in Alabama, nine black boys were accused of gangraping two white women on a train in March 1931 (Burnham). Like the imagined trial†¦show more content†¦The Scottsboro boys were put through multiple retrials before any could get out of prison. James Cameron had to be pardoned by the governor, but not after serving four years. Robinson’s trial is heavy with how obvious it is that the reason he is deemed guilty is the racism of the jury. Even the judge seems to learn toward his side, yet it does nothing to help him in the end. The one place where a man ought to get a square deal is in a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into a jury box. (Lee 220). The extreme racism of the towns prevent true justice to be served. Even though these trials had evidence that showed the innocence of the prosecuted men, this evidence was ignored in order to favor the white supremacy of the era. The women that accused the men in Scottsboro were examined and no signed were found that hinted at any intercourse or violence inflicted on them that day. Cameron was also likewise in the respect that he was only accused on the basis that he was black in a town of racists. He was only a boy at that time, someone that would not have dreamed about helping anyone kill a man. Robinson had a plethora of evidence in his favor that was ignored, like his crippled hand that would have prevented him from really hurting theShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay About Racism795 Words   |  4 PagesBurrell Period 5 TKAM Essay 10/6/09 (Re-Write 10/24/09) To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee depicts racism in the 1930’s and shows the characters had to overcome challenges because of it. The 1930’s was a difficult time to live in because of racism against African Americans and the depression, where thousands of people lost their jobs. The idea â€Å"an extraordinary challenge can sometimes make an ordinary person into a hero† shows that anyone in To Kill a Mockingbird could have been a hero,Read MoreEssay On Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird970 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in the United States of America, especially the South, in the 1930s was exceptionally different from the racism that America is experiencing today. In the compelling novel â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird,† by Harper Lee, hating or disliking a person that has a different skin color was an extremely common thing, and was accepted as normal; especially in the southern states. The majority of white children were brought up to think that they were more superior than black children in their households, andRead MoreRacism In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesimprove due to figures shining a light on the issues. Harper Lee is a highly respected character. She is able to show the effects and ugly side of racism in To Kill a Mockingbird. Throughout Lee brings out racism by using connections to the Jim Crow laws, mob mentality, and Scottsboro trials. The Jim Crow Laws are evident throughout To Kill a Mockingbird. They were fatal and obstructed many black people’s rights. The laws were originally meant to only separate the races and keep the conditions equalRead MoreEssay On Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird1561 Words   |  7 Pagesdisproportionately make up more than half of the prison population. There is indisputable racism in this country, and the world of Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird displays this in a very obvious light. Racism has been around for centuries, it has changed and reformed itself. Racism cannot not be solved overnight, but it can be solved with positive and immediate steps and actions. Society as a whole is highly capable of overcoming racism. Therefore, the belief that it will never change and that the society willRead MoreRacism In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay729 Words   |  3 Pagesand thought you had no meaning to live or even get near them. Having everything separate from whites and whe re you were accused of anything or anything if you were near.This was how people in Maycomb County used to live in the 1930’s. In â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† that is how most people lived except the Finch family who thought everyone was created equal no matter the color of their skin. When Cal took Scout and Jem to her church that was on the day Reverend Sykes wanted the church to give money toRead MoreThe Theme of Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book To Kill a Mockingbird, many minor themes are present such as gender and age. However, the largest and therefore major theme of the book is racism. All of the events and themes in the book had only one purpose, to support the theme of racism. One of the most important events in the book was Tom Robinson’s trial, which was unfairly judged due to the fact that the jury could not see beyond the color of Tom’s skin. The put their own racist opinions ahead of what is right and just. One ofRead MoreRacism and Discrimination in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay870 Words   |  4 PagesRacism and Discrimination as the theme in To Kill A Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird written by Harper Lee is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel, that offers a view of life through a young girl’s eyes. The novel is focused on two main themes which are racism and discrimination. Racism is probably the biggest theme of the novel. It comes in as an open and subtle manner that is being displayed through speeches and actions. Racism in Maycomb takes mainly the form of having white people against blackRead MoreRacism in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay1497 Words   |  6 PagesRacism was a very large part of society in the south during the 1930’s. Many colored people were thought of as less than their peers. Whites were considered better than African Americans were, and almost every white person accepted the unjust judgment. Racial discrimination hit hard in the south. Many of the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird were impacted by racial discrimination, including Calpurnia, Scout, and Tom Robinson and his family. One of the more â€Å"accepted† sorts of racism in theRead MoreRacism in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† is marvelous and unforgettable novel. Not only show how dramatic, sad in and old town – Maycomb be like, but through her unique writings, some big conflicts about politics and critical is going on through this tired old Southern town. Not just in general like education, friendship, neighbors but also pacific in individuals like family and the people’s characteristics themselves. In one book yet can covered with such many problems, Harper Lee must have been experienced a lotRead MoreRacism in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesColor Doesnt Matter Racism was very â€Å"popular† as you should say back in the 1930’s . Whites had all the power while blacks and other minorities were suppose to fear them. In Maycomb , Alabama racism was around and had effects on citizens. Segregating whites from blacks is a horrid thing. It’s inhuman to say youre better than someone else because of their skin color. We as humans are equal some may be more wealthy than others but when it all comes down to it we will all go in the same box in the

Working Together Story Free Essays

It was a blustery Wednesday night; the sun was setting and darkness was descending on the public fields. A whistle blew and the boys playing football on the field all gathered round a small bald headed man called Kev Smith. Kev was the manager of a failing boys football team in the Greater Manchester U16’S 4th division. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Together Story or any similar topic only for you Order Now The team hadn’t won a game for seven months and were last in the lowest league they could possibly be in. ‘Well done lads’ said Kev with his harsh shrill voice, ‘ I have seen some promising things in training tonight and I’m sure if we keep training like that, we’ll improve our skills and maybe not lose a game in the foreseeable future†¦ 12 ‘o’ clock Sunday, next game†¦it’s at home†¦. Be promt’ he clapped his hands and the boy’s departed, joking and messing about. Kev collected in the balls and poles and got into his car. On his way home, he put his team, (Oldham Fliers), into perspective- he realised his team was appalling. The goalkeeper only played there because he couldn’t kick the ball. The defenders are rash and about as pacey as a slug, the midfield couldn’t dribble or pass to save their life and the attackers had the flair and finishing of a bus. He laughed to himself, but in his heart he badly wanted his team to get a result one of these days, so they can experience triumph and taste victory. Sunday arrived- a cup game between Oldham fliers and second division leaders Rochdale boys. In the parks changing room, morale was low for Oldham. They’re faded red plain shirts looked pathetic and their shorts of all colours looked shabby. ‘Now look lads, just because these lads have fancy kits and are in a higher league, doesn’t mean we can’t try as hard as them†¦all I want from you is 110 percent.’ There was a uneasy pause and everyone looked at the floor ‘Here’s today’s team†¦ Twiggy, Goal, left Back, Dave Slowmann, right back, Joe Horsmann, centre backs, captain Si Horlock and Andy Fotheringham, midfield, Jason Frog, Jamie Stutterford, Lee Black and Andy Cheffsson an upfront we’ll have Chris Gallagher and Paul Howmann.’ The team were so unorganised they didn’t even have any substitutes! ‘Come on lads lets give this all we’ve got and put it to them.’ The unenthusiastic boys tr udged out of the changing room onto the battlefield on which they were about to be conquered. The game ended 11-0 to Rochdale. Oldham played with no commitment and were frail at the best of times, things couldn’t get much worse than this for the club. At half-time Kev tried his best to lift the players confidence and get them fired up for the game, but alls Kev could manage to do was warm them up by bringing them back into the changing room for the half-time break. The players ran around laboriously and panicked every time the ball came to one of them. The Oldham players strolled of the pitch and didn’t look in the least surprised at the hammering. The clubs morale was also at an all time low and when a team are lacking confidence and morale it is visible by their performances. Kev said to his players while he was getting changed ‘If we want to win, we have to believe we’re not beaten before we have even played the game.’ Kev left and drove off, leaving the boys to change and talk alone. The silent boys than began to murmur amongst themselves until Andy Fotheringham made him self heard among the other boys, he said to them’ Lets put in an extra special effort in training next week for Kev and play with some direction for a change, because we all want to, its†¦ it’s†¦ just we don’t believe we can, but I’m sure if we all tried and felt more confidence on the ball we could pull together and get a result. The boys started to murmur to each other more loudly and they all decided Andy was right and that they should all have some faith in themselves and try and pull off a result for Kev†¦ who gave up his time, week in, week out. Wednesday night arrived, and the team was warming up and running around the field before Kev arrived. When Kev pulled up at the pitch in his car he was astonished to see his lads doing something constructive instead of what they usually do before training which is throw mud at each other and try to trip each other over. Without saying anything to the boys Kev set up a drill and removed the equipment from the back of his car. The boys were far more accurate than usual when they did shooting practice and in the game at the end of training every single player ran around more and attempted more longer, harder passes and even some players thought up some neat moves and scored some excellent goals! Kev was surprised to say the least at his teams ‘confident’ display. He thought to himself ‘what’s brought this on?’ Kev said ‘Home again on Sunday†¦ 1’o’ clock. Lets put all our effort in training to good use in our game on Sunday†¦ all right lads?’ Kev packed up the balls and cones and still couldn’t believe his teams morale boost. Kev got in his car and drove off, leaving the pitch and hopefully the clubs slump behind him. ‘Same team as last week’ said the sub-less once again manager. The words Kev said seemed to echo over the blank changing room walls, Today’s fixture was against fellow strugglers in the league Salford all stars C team. ‘Lets show some confidence today lads and get this elusive result.’ Without further ado the team left and were warming up on the pitch. It was amazing†¦ 0-0 at half time. Oldham hadn’t conceded a goal and even looked dangerous! Every Salford attack was neatly broken down and despatched to a team-mate further up the pitch. Full-time came and Kev was numb from shock. It was the last minute, Lee black made a surging run and whipped in a hopeful looking cross which was rather awkwardly met by the head of Chris Gallagher, the ball skimmed of his head and looped over the advancing keeper and into an open net. The whistle blew and the boys stood still, they didn’t know what to do, when it had sunk in they had scored they shouted and ran around pointlessly and even better the last touch the ball got from Chris’ head was the final touch of the game and Oldham had ran out 1-0 victors! The disgraced Salford team plodded back in silence to their changing room. In the Oldham changing room the lads were making a hell of a noise chanting some English Anthems like ‘We’re going to wembley’ and ‘we are the champions’ When Kev came in the boys fell silent. ‘For once, today we played as a team who believed in themselves and believe me lads, we played some very attractive football today, we should use this magnificent result as a building block for hopefully many more wins for the club†¦ so lets get ourselves in gear now and take this club into division 3!’ said an ecstatic Kev. The boys all agreed with Kev and agreed they should all from now on work more together as a team. 5 years on Oldham Fliers are in division 3 and have attained a respectable league position, and have some talented young players†¦ and yes Kev is still there week in, week out. How to cite Working Together Story, Papers

Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product Essay Example

Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? Essay Consumer is considered as very important person to a marketer. A consumer decides what to buy, when to buy, for whom to buy, why to buy, from where to buy and how much to buy. To become an efficient marketer, one must know the likes and dislikes of consumers for his product. In the last fifteen years, various models have been developed for explaining the manners of consumers’ in common decision-making circumstances. A lot of these models are impressive in scope, but their strength to explain the behaviour of consumers has been considerably concealed. In fact, the majority research attempts so far have only been directed towards particular segments of the models rather than at the entire models. During a main study which endeavoured the testing of the entire Howard-Sheth model, the authors realized that many variables involved measurement and substantial definitional problems (Farley and Ring 1970). Consumer behaviour According to David Loudon and Albert J. Della Bitta consumer behaviour implies â€Å"the physical activity and decision process individuals engage in when acquiring, evaluating, disposing, and using of goods and services†. Consumer behaviour deals with how a customer acts or reacts or behaves in making a purchase of services and goods of his choice in various circumstances. ( Rohracher, H(2003)), In the current world of promptly changing technology, consumer likings are also categorized by rapid changes. For existing in the market, an organization should consistently know the latest consumer tastes and trends. Consumer behaviour provides guidelines and invaluable clues to marketers on recent technological frontiers which they have to examine. For example, Lap Tops Mobile Phones, LCD Monitors, etc. Importance of Consumer behaviour: New aggressive competitors are rising with greater frequency. †¢ Ever intensifying and increasing competition. †¢ Change basis of rivalry. †¢ Niche attacks are happening to be common. †¢ Geographic sources of rivalry are becoming extensive. †¢ Pace of improvement is rapid. †¢ Product differentiation is deteriorating. †¢ Price competition is becoming further aggressive The modern marketing is customer oriented. All marketing activities revolve around the customer. As marketers began to study the behaviour of consumers, they soon realized that despite overriding similarities, all consumers were not alike. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consumers differ in their taste, interest, nature, habits, needs, wants, income, age, mode of purchasing, lifestyle and so forth. All consumers do not like to use the same product. In this sense, all commodity markets are not homogeneous; rather they are heterogeneous (Rohracher, H (2003)). The same product cannot satisfy the needs of selected groups of consumers, marketers adopt the strategy of market segmentation. The marketers subdivide a market into homogenous sub-sets of customers having common customers in one set, in order to facilitate the marketing of their products. Such selection of sub-sets as homogenous groups is called market segmentation. The market segmentation may be based on demographic, psychological or other strategic variables. Basic criteria for Market segmentation A market may be segmented on the basis of different variables. These variables can be grouped as: 1. Demographic factors 2. Geographical factors 3. Psychological or personality factors 4. Consumer- Behavioural factors 5. Socio- cultural factors. Demographic factors: This includes population characteristics. This segmentation can be affected on the basis of their; †¢ Age, For instance, Child, young ones, adults, old etc. Sex can be categorised as Children, male, female, etc. †¢ Income: high income groups, low income groups, middle class families etc comes under this category. †¢ Educational level: For instance, a book market can be segmented as primary, secondary, high school, degree, post-graduate etc. †¢ Occupational status: factors like the white collar workers and the blue collar workers, or businessmen, service class or professional etc. †¢ Size of the family: big or small family. For example, electronic equipments and other household products are marketed with respect to the size of family. Geographical factors: Here the market is divided on the basis of geographic locations. The different bases may be area such as each state may be divided into segments. This segments may be further divided into rural, urban or town areas, or on the basis of climate such as hill or plain areas. Psychological or personality factors: Here the segmentation is done on the basis of the intrinsic value of individual consumers. The bases are: Personality or Psychographic: these groups can be made on the basis of lifestyle, the social class, personality, or the motto of consumers. Benefit sought: here the segmentation is done on the basis of benefits sought by different groups. For example, toothpaste market, children look for flavour, young looks for brightness, larger families for decay prevention, and men for prices. Consumer Behavioural factors This mainly includes three factors such as; †¢ Rate of usage: the quantity to be purchased by different groups. †¢ Buyer’s Motive: motives such as economy, quality of the product, reliability, prestige in the society etc. †¢ Brand Loyalty Socio-Cultural Factors This mainly includes factors such as; Culture: different cultures have different values, beliefs and customs. †¢ Sub-culture: it also has different values etc. †¢ Social Class: which is on the basis of income status in the society †¢ Family Life Cycle: requirements differ in different stages of family life cycle. eg. Newly married, well established families etc. For effective market segmentation there are five majo r criteria. They are; 1. Identification and Measurability – this means that marketer must identify his consumer to whom he has to serve and whose requirements are almost the same. The size of the market segment should also be measurable. 2. Responsiveness – the marketer should also specify whether consumers respond positively to the firm’s product or service. 3. Adequate Market Potential – There must be a sufficient number of people who can purchase the company’s product at a profit. They must have sufficient purchasing power to demand the product. 4. Accessibility – Market should be easily accessible to the marketer. Some markets are inaccessible for legal reasons or cost reasons. 5. Stability – Market must be stable to have a continuous demand. There should be minimum change in the market. Models of consumer behaviour A model is a representative of an actual system. It focuses the similar features of that system. The aim of consumer behaviour models is to bring together our current awareness by introducing a series of models that try to describe the purchase decision procedure compared with pertinent variables (Lawrence, P. A. , and J. C. Jenkins (2000)). Various models have been proposed based on various factors such as environmental, scope, social, psychological, etc. The main objective of proposing models is to determine the purchasing behaviour of consumers. However, these models can be considered in determining. †¢ Consumers’ attitude towards purchasing. †¢ Appropriate variables while purchasing. †¢ The features of variables †¢ Interrelationship between them. The buyer/decision process In 1967, Faris, Wind and Robinson put forward a model that demonstrates purchasing as a trouble. This is revealed in Fig. 1 and it explains the activities relate to the purchasing process: Fig. 1 The buyer/decision model An individual requires a specific product. Information’s are collected from various sources including friends and family (commonly said as ‘word of mouth’) from catalogues, from visits to retail firms, from advertising, and from various sources. If the consumer is unaware of the product then the information search will be greater. The job of marketing is to make sure that the organisation’s products get high publicity throughout this ‘information search’ time and the optimum features of the product are stressed throughout the ‘evaluation of alternatives’ phase. This will place the organisation’s product in the top position prior to the ‘purchase decision’, since the consumer is still helpless to further influences to make the right choice. Marketers should also be conscious of ‘post-purchase behaviour’ as this can influence further business and forward looking organisations attach great concern to after-sales service to improve the initial sale. This will reduce the extent of dissatisfaction in case of legitimate complaints (Lawrence, P. A. , and J. C. Jenkins (2000)). Awareness of how the buyer/decision procedure operates is crucial for the success of marketing strategy. For simple purchases, the job of marketing is to guide the purchasing procedure in favour of the organisation’s products, maybe through an efficient advertising campaign. For more difficult purchases, consumers are assisted in their problem-solving procedures and that reassure is given to prove that their selection is a good one. The adoption process Marketers must initially make awareness and then help consumers through succeeding stages of the procedures. Consumers cannot start to consider a new service or product as an answer to need-related problems without this knowledge. Successful unique products should try to be problem-solving as much as the consumer is concerned. Fig. 2 The adoption process If the product has appeal and potential interest, then potential buyers will search for further information. Customers then assess the new product in contradiction to the existing products, and then create an initial espousal by getting a trial sample, which may be a trial purchase or a free sample. In adoption stage a decision is made whether to make use of the product. Post adoption confirmation is done when the product is adopted and the customer is looking for reassurance about the good sense of the purchase. Classification of Consumer Behaviour Models †¢ Economic Model – According to economic model, purchasing power of a customer depends on the concept of utility which states that if an individual has certain amount of money and defined sets of needs and a set of products then he or she will spend his or her money only on those products which yields him or her maximum benefits. The Learning Model – The learning model is fully based in the capability of a person to learn, discriminate and forget. It is based on Pavlovs stimulus response which states that to bring changes in the consumer’s behaviour one must change the stimuli, responses and drives as per consumer’s perceptions or attitude. †¢ The Psychoanalytical Model – Since, th e psychoanalytical model is a blend of two words psychology and analyses, it mainly deals with the study of psychology of customers. According to this model, every buying decision has a complicated motive by a purchaser which can be affected by his or her sense of longings and desires. The Sociological Model – According to the sociological model individuals decisions not only depends on utility factors but mainly they are dependent on societal factors like groups of society, levels of society, and attitudes of persons of society. However it should also be noted that purchasing decisions are governed by societal restrictions also. †¢ The Nicosia Model – The Nicosia model is one of the examples of systems model where humans are treated as a system, with inputs as stimuli and behaviour being its output. It is mainly constructed by considering the marketing viewpoint of a consumer. It was proposed by Francisco Nicosia, an expert in consumer motivation and behaviour in 1990. It establishes the relationship between firms and its consumer. It focuses how the activities of firm target the consumer to purchase firms products and finally its usage and evaluation on certain criteria (Shove, E (2003)). †¢ The Howard Sheth Model – The Howard Sheth model has been put forward by John Howard and Jagadish Sheth in 1969. This model states that there exists certain variable which affects the perception and learning of consumer, apart from inputs and outputs. These variables are imaginary as it is difficult to measure them directly. Several other models have been proposed to explain purchasers behaviour. But all these models have their own pros and cons. In spite of their limitations, these models are helpful in determining a buyers behaviour. The psychology of marketing The mission of marketing is to recognize consumers’ wants and needs precisely, then to develop services and products that will fulfil them. In marketing to be successful, it is not enough to merely find out what customers need, but to discover why it is necessary. Only by obtaining a comprehensive and deep understanding of consumer behaviour can marketing’s objectives can be realised (Kindig, L. June (2002)). Such an awareness of consumer behaviour helps to the mutual benefit of the marketer and consumer, permitting the marketer to turn into better capable of satisfying the consumer’s requirements effectively and determine a loyal group of consumers with a positive approach towards the organisation’s products. The psychological factors such as motivation, perception, motivation, learning, beliefs and attitudes have a great role in influencing consumer behaviour. Perception is the procedure by which consumers organize, select, and interpret information. It is divided into; †¢ Selective attention – tendency of people to eliminate almost all information to which they are exposed. †¢ Selective retention – to retain only part of the information to which they are exposed. †¢ Selective distortion – to interpret information in a way that supports what they already believe. Learning is the changes in a person’s behaviour, rising from experience. It happens through the interplay of stimuli, cues, drives, reinforcement and responses. A belief is the descriptive thought that a person holds about something. An attitude is a person’s consistency favourable or unfavourable feelings, tendencies and evaluations towards an idea and object (Wiser, R. H. (1998)). Motivation is the underlying force of any human activity not to mention buying alone. It is wishes or desires which initiate the sequence of events known as behaviour. Motivation depends on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory. Theories related to consumer behaviour are; Involvement theory and Message presentation Two routes to persuasion- central route and peripheral route- theory are important in message presentation. The central route to persuasive theory suggests that a well documented advertisement concerning the pros and cons of the product encourages active, cognitive information processing that may induce the consumers to buy the products. It indicates a high involvement purchase situation (Shove, E (2003)) On the other hand; the peripheral route is adopted in low purchase situation. In such a case the marketer emphasizes the non- content message elements as background scenery, music celebrity spokespersons. Some marketers oversimplify the two- route approach differentiating between peripheral (emotional) and central (rational routes) message appeals. Therefore the message should stress the unfulfilled needs of the consumers (central routed) as well as visual and symbolic cues in the ad should also support product claims (peripheral route). Those two combined enhance the persuasiveness of the message. One sided vs. Two sided messages A message might be either one sided or two sided. The one sided message describes only the plus points of the product advertised. No weak point is mentioned in the advertisement. It does not acknowledge any strong points of the competitors’ products or weak point of the producers’ product. A two- sided message is one which describes not only the strong points of communicator’s product but also recognize the strong points of opposition’s products or few weak points of communicator’s product. Which type of message- one- sided or two sided- should be or should marketers tell their audiences only good points of their product or should they admit some negative qualities in their product? Which strategy should they adopt? The answer of these questions depends on two factors, type of audience and the type of competition (Shove, E (2003)). When the communicator is of the view that the audience are friendly (if audience uses his product) or they initially favours the communicator’s position or they are not likely to hear the opposition’s claims, then one-sided(supportive) message that favours only communicator’s message should be more effective. But when the audience are critical or unfavourable in the beginning or unfriendly (or if they uses opposition’s product) or if they are well educated or if they are likely to hear opposition’s claims, then a two –sided message is more effective because the audience tends to regard the communicator as more honest and objective since they admits merits of competitor’s products. Negative example There are various negative advertising between corporations. There are two main reasons for why they are not totally applicable to use. You don’t need to select. For instance, you can purchase both Pepsi and Coke. No one care about that. You can eat at both Burger King and McDonald’s – they are not going to stop you. One of the major driving forces behind recent advertising is that they are not directly related to sales numbers. And in many cases there will be a clear market leader who is impossible to overthrow. In future, Coke will rule the cola market. Since billboards and commercials don’t necessarily convert into money. The second reason is you are not required to watch the negative ads for products or corporation. They are mainly focused on branding; this means if you watch something linked to them you may correlate them with that particular brand. So when McDonald’s is attempting to be cool, health-aware, and their opponent open- Burger King is trying to be funny, quirky, and hip. There will be no cause for Burger King to hit McDonald’s directly in an ad as they’re legally restricted in what they are endorsed to say, and they will only be destroying their own product. And for those who do swipe at the rivalry usually do so in a deliberately humorous method. 1. One of the best examples for negative Ads is that what bad ideas Coca-Cola could tell about Pepsi. Actually this is not correct excluding that from their viewpoint their drink tastes excellent. This idea is what Coca-Cola normally uses to advertise, that their product tastes better. Thus they are indirectly advertising that their drink tastes much better comparing any other drink, for instance Pepsi. 2. The recent Burger King advertisement are adopting the similar strategy as the Pepsi challenge, in the Burger King ads they are demonstrating a faraway lands to locate a whopper virgin and are checking the flavour of the whopper against a Big McDonald’s, and the virgin selects the whopper of Burger king as better tasting. Thus they are indirectly advertising a negative ad against the Big McDonald. In fact the experts’ findings and the research proves that some negative advertisements can make opposite consequence in consumers. For instance: Anti-Tobacco ads might be creating more desire and consciousness for cigarettes. An anti-obesity advertisement tends to seem as negative messages that can cause social troubles and support discrimination. Conclusion The business world is very complex. There are various factors that may affect the behaviour of the customer. These factors can be an ethnic group, values, social class, religion, age, gender, etc. The consumers’ process, interpret, perceive and store the stimuli is very important. This job will explain how consumers perceive, what perception is and how this idea can be applied by marketers. We cannot assume customers of all countries alike in their purchasing habits. The marketers’ must know the consumers behaviour in exotic markets in order to develop their products or promotional plans to meet the requirements of the targeted foreign customers. Thus, the awareness of consumers behaviour is very important mainly for government agencies and marketers, it also benefits the customers. The awareness can serve as information for an educational programme planned to enhance their decision making regarding services and products. Reference 1. Kindig, L. June (2002),â€Å"Compare and contrast. † Quirk’s marketing research review. 16(6), 48–50. . Lawrence, P. A. , and J. C. Jenkins ( 2000),â€Å"Critical Differences Between Residential HVAC Customers’ and Contractors’ Perspectives. † Washington, DC,Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Vol. 6, p 6. 239-6. 260. 3. Lehmann, D. R. , and R. S. Winer. (1997),† Analysis for marketing planning†. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, Massachusetts. 4. Lawson, S. , and T. Glowa(2000), â€Å"Discrete Choice Experiments and Traditional Conjoint Analysis†, Quirk’s Marketing Research Review. Article No. 0592, http://www. quirks. com/article, accessed on November 30, 2010. . Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (2000),† Market Research Report: Residential Lighting Consumer Research†, Portland, Oregon: Regional Economic Research, Inc. 6. Rohracher, H(2003), â€Å"The role of users in the social sh aping of environmental technologies†, Innovation. V. 16, p. 177-192. 7. Shove, E (2003),† Comfort, cleanliness, and convenience. The social organization of normality†, Oxford and New York: Berg. 8. Vriens, M. , and F. Ter Hofstede(2000), â€Å"Linking attributes, benefits, and consumer value. † Marketing Research: A Magazine of Management and Applications. . 5–10. 9. Wiser, R. H. (1998), â€Å"Green power marketing: increasing customer demand for renewable energy† ,Utilities Policy. 7, 107–119. 10. Woodruff, R. B. , and S. F. Gardial(1996),† Know your customer: new approaches to understanding customer value and satisfaction†, Blackwell Publishers, Inc. , Malden,Massachusetts. Post-adoption confirmation Adoption Trial Evaluation Interest/Information Awareness Post-purchase behaviour Purchase decision Evaluation of alternatives Information search Problem recognition

Free Essays on The New Face Of Aids

The article â€Å"The New Face of Aids† discusses the fact that AIDs is no longer a gay white male disease, but has began to highly effect heterosexual minority women. The article comments on why this is happening and who it effects. Many people feel safe because they feel that they are in a â€Å"safe† monogamous relationship, however they are becoming most vulnerable. The article also suggest that women burdened my poverty, crime and poor health are more vulnerable because using contraceptives is the last thing on their mind. â€Å"Down low† is also a problem in which â€Å"straight† men have both heterosexual and homosexual relations at the same time, spreading AIDs to the unsuspecting heterosexual partners. Once people contract AIDs sometimes it is too hard and too expensive to get medical treatment. Unfortunately, people are not aware of how the AIDs epidemic is effecting African American women, including Vice President Dick Chaney or Senator Joh n Edwards AIDs has not vanished, it has merely shifted whom it affects. This is an ongoing problem for people without health care or cannot afford treatment. In order for the government to lower the cost of health care and provide treatment for these patients it would be very expensive. Intervention of the government may or may not be good for the economy. When government expenditures increases it causes GDP to rise. Perhaps an increase in treatment facilities would lower unemployment by creating many new jobs. However, government created AIDs facilities and low priced medication for all patients would also cause a higher demand for medical supplies, creating high prices and further increasing government spending . Such government expenditure may lead to an increase in taxes, lowering the consumption factor of GDP and even outweighing the government expenditure. I believe that there is no good answer for this problem. Government intervention would only lead to long lines and... Free Essays on The New Face Of Aids Free Essays on The New Face Of Aids The article â€Å"The New Face of Aids† discusses the fact that AIDs is no longer a gay white male disease, but has began to highly effect heterosexual minority women. The article comments on why this is happening and who it effects. Many people feel safe because they feel that they are in a â€Å"safe† monogamous relationship, however they are becoming most vulnerable. The article also suggest that women burdened my poverty, crime and poor health are more vulnerable because using contraceptives is the last thing on their mind. â€Å"Down low† is also a problem in which â€Å"straight† men have both heterosexual and homosexual relations at the same time, spreading AIDs to the unsuspecting heterosexual partners. Once people contract AIDs sometimes it is too hard and too expensive to get medical treatment. Unfortunately, people are not aware of how the AIDs epidemic is effecting African American women, including Vice President Dick Chaney or Senator Joh n Edwards AIDs has not vanished, it has merely shifted whom it affects. This is an ongoing problem for people without health care or cannot afford treatment. In order for the government to lower the cost of health care and provide treatment for these patients it would be very expensive. Intervention of the government may or may not be good for the economy. When government expenditures increases it causes GDP to rise. Perhaps an increase in treatment facilities would lower unemployment by creating many new jobs. However, government created AIDs facilities and low priced medication for all patients would also cause a higher demand for medical supplies, creating high prices and further increasing government spending . Such government expenditure may lead to an increase in taxes, lowering the consumption factor of GDP and even outweighing the government expenditure. I believe that there is no good answer for this problem. Government intervention would only lead to long lines and...

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian Carter G. Woodson (December 19, 1875–April 3, 1950) is known  as the father of black history and black studies. He worked tirelessly to establish the field of African-American history in the early 1900s, founding the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and its journal. This son of two former slaves, he rose from modest origins to become the respected and groundbreaking historian who founded Negro History Week, today known as Black History Month. Fast Facts: Carter Woodson Known For: Known as the father of black history, Woodson founded Negro History Week, upon which Black History Month is foundedBorn: December 19, 1875 in New Canton, VirginiaParents: Anne Eliza Riddle Woodson and James Henry WoodsonDied: April 3, 1950 in Washington, D.C.Education: B.A. and M.A., University of Chicago. Ph.D., Harvard UniversityPublished Works:  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The History of the Negro Church, The Negro in Our HistoryAwards and Honors: 1926 NAACP Spingarn Medal, 1984 U.S. Postal Service 20 cent stamp honoring WoodsonNotable Quote: Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history. Early Life Woodsons parents owned a 10-acre tobacco farm near the James River in Virginia and their children had to spend most of their days doing farm work to help the family survive. This wasnt an unusual situation for farm families in late 19th-century America, but it did mean that young Woodson had little time to pursue his studies. Two of his uncles ran a schoolroom that met five months out of the year, and Woodson attended when he could. He learned to read using the Bible and his fathers newspapers in the evening. As a teenager, he went to work in the coal mines. During his free time, Woodson continued his education on his own, reading the writings of Roman philosopher Cicero and the Roman poet Virgil. Education When he was 20 years old, Woodson enrolled at Frederick Douglass High School in West Virginia, where his family then lived. He graduated in a year and went on to Berea College in Kentucky and Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. While he was still in college, he became an educator, teaching high school and serving as a principal. After his college graduation in 1903, Woodson spent time teaching in the Philippines and also traveled, visiting the Middle East and Europe. When he returned to the U.S., he enrolled at the University of Chicago and received both his bachelors and masters degrees in the spring of 1908. That fall, he became a doctoral student in history at Harvard University. The Founder of Black History Woodson was not the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in history from Harvard; that distinction went to W.E.B. Du Bois. But when Woodson graduated in 1912, he embarked on the project of making the history of black Americans both visible and respected. Contemporary conventional historians were white and had a very narrow scope in their historical narratives; one of Woodsons professors at Harvard, Edward Channing, asserted that the negro had no history. Channing was not alone in this sentiment, and U.S. history textbooks and coursework emphasized political history, which covered the history of the white middle-class and affluent men. Woodsons first book was on the history of African-American education titled,  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, published in 1915. In his preface, he emphasized the importance and power of the African-American story: [T]he accounts of the successful strivings of Negroes for enlightenment under most adverse circumstances read like beautiful romances of a people in an heroic age. The same year that his first book came out, Woodson took the important step of creating an organization to promote the study of African-American history and culture. It was called the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). He founded it with four other African-American men; they agreed to the project during a meeting at the YMCA and envisioned an association that would promote publishing in the field but also racial harmony by improving historical knowledge. The association had an accompanying journal that still exists today, The Journal of Negro History, which began in 1916. In 1920, Woodson became dean of the School of Liberal Arts at Howard University, and it was there that he created a formal African-American history survey course. That same year, he founded Associated Negro Publishers to promote African-American publishing. From Howard, he went on to West Virginia State, but in 1922 he retired from teaching and devoted himself entirely to scholarship. Woodson moved to Washington, D.C., and erected the permanent headquarters for the ASNLH. Woodson also continued to publish works such as  A Century of Negro Migration (1918), The History of the Negro Church (1921), and The Negro in Our History (1922). Negro History Week If Woodson had stopped there, he still would be remembered for helping to usher in the field of African-American history. But he wanted to spread knowledge of this history to black students of all ages. In 1926, he hit upon an idea- a week purely devoted to the celebration of the achievements of African-Americans. Negro History Week, the progenitor of todays Black History Month, began the week of Feb. 7, 1926. The week included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Black educators, with Woodsons encouragement, rapidly adopted the week-long study of African-American history. Later Life and Death Woodson spent the rest of his life studying, writing about, and promoting black history. He fought to keep African-American history alive at a time when most white historians were actively hostile to the idea. He kept the ASNLH and its journal going, even when funding was scarce. Woodson died at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 74 on April 3, 1950. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in  Maryland. Legacy Woodson did not live to see Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregation in schools illegal, nor did he live to see the creation of Black History Month in 1976. But his brainchild, Negro History Week, is the direct predecessor of this significant educational advance. His efforts to highlight the achievements of African-Americans gave to the civil rights generation a deep appreciation of the heroes who had preceded them and in whose footsteps they were following. The achievements of African-Americans like Crispus Attucks and Harriet Tubman  are part of the standard U.S. history narrative today, thanks to Carter G. Woodson. Sources Baldwin, Neil. The American Revelation: Ten Ideals That Shaped Our Country from the Puritans to the Cold War. Macmillan, 2006.Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. vol. 59, no. 4, February 2004. pp. 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnams sons, 1915.

Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional Practice - Essay Example urse-led clinics which have provided opportunities to adjust patient care plans in meeting current needs and reducing the worsening of health issues (Schraeder, et.al., 2008). Nurse led clinics also assist in the collaboration process with physicians, helping identify roles, scope of practice and accepted communication avenues. They also help ensure timely and efficient communication about the patient’s status between the patient and the physician (Schraeder, et.al., 2008). Through follow-up contacts with the nurses in the nurse-led clinics, nurses help provide support for the patients in handling and understanding their condition (Rydeman and Tornkvist, 2005). Post-discharge support is an important aspect of chronic patient care because it reduces their admissions and improves their health outcomes. Nurse-led clinics are also important in managing chronic illnesses in the sense that they assist in the self-management of chronic diseases. They help provide support for the pati ents, as well as emotional bonds which provide patient compliance with the treatment processes (Furler, et.al., 2008). Patients discuss how they are able to establish a semblance of control over their condition with the support of health professionals, in the case of nurse-led clinics, the nurses are able to provide support for these chronically ill patients within their community and even their home setting. In effect, these clinics secure quality, consistent, and constant patient care for the chronically ill. D. (2008). The emotional context of self-management in chronic illness: A qualitative study of the role of health professional support in the self-management of type 2 diabetes. BMC Health Services Research, volume 8

How and why did the visionary architectural drawings of tienne-Louis Essay

How and why did the visionary architectural drawings of tienne-Louis Boulee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux challenge the classical style of their time - Essay Example The structures that they envisioned looked unbuildable because of their technical standards. The following paper tries to elaborate how both architects Etienne-Louis Boulee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux challenge classical style of their time. The historical importance of Ledoux is the fact that he introduced a new system in his architectural works. The new system incorporated new elements that became evident in the old system dominating it and replacing it with the new system. In French revolution period, theses architects are considered to have developed opposing principles. The work by Etienne is a demonstration of the new system in architecture where he asserts the importance of new principles in architecture and isolation of the other parts. In most cases, both architects are considered together but they are not similar in their architectural works. Ledoux is considered pragmatic because his works were developed to be constructed putting into consideration the needs of the people. On the other hand, Boullee does not seem to share the same interests. He was appointed as an architect by king Lous XVI in 1773 and before he could publish his work he was dismissed and arrested in 1793 by the revolutionary committee for al leged conspiracy of cooperating with Madame du Barry and for not acknowledging the king. His book was published in 1804 prior to his death, and this enabled him to share his ideas concerning architecture (Lawrence 25). Boullee’s theoretical designs for public cenotaphs sought to instigate lofty feelings in the view by architectural designs that suggested immensity, sublimity, and awesomeness of nature and divine aptitude underlying its creation. He was greatly inspired by indiscriminate interest for antiquity form Egyptian monuments experienced by his contemporaries. Boullee work is characterized by geometric forms put