Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product Essay Example

Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? Essay Consumer is considered as very important person to a marketer. A consumer decides what to buy, when to buy, for whom to buy, why to buy, from where to buy and how much to buy. To become an efficient marketer, one must know the likes and dislikes of consumers for his product. In the last fifteen years, various models have been developed for explaining the manners of consumers’ in common decision-making circumstances. A lot of these models are impressive in scope, but their strength to explain the behaviour of consumers has been considerably concealed. In fact, the majority research attempts so far have only been directed towards particular segments of the models rather than at the entire models. During a main study which endeavoured the testing of the entire Howard-Sheth model, the authors realized that many variables involved measurement and substantial definitional problems (Farley and Ring 1970). Consumer behaviour According to David Loudon and Albert J. Della Bitta consumer behaviour implies â€Å"the physical activity and decision process individuals engage in when acquiring, evaluating, disposing, and using of goods and services†. Consumer behaviour deals with how a customer acts or reacts or behaves in making a purchase of services and goods of his choice in various circumstances. ( Rohracher, H(2003)), In the current world of promptly changing technology, consumer likings are also categorized by rapid changes. For existing in the market, an organization should consistently know the latest consumer tastes and trends. Consumer behaviour provides guidelines and invaluable clues to marketers on recent technological frontiers which they have to examine. For example, Lap Tops Mobile Phones, LCD Monitors, etc. Importance of Consumer behaviour: New aggressive competitors are rising with greater frequency. †¢ Ever intensifying and increasing competition. †¢ Change basis of rivalry. †¢ Niche attacks are happening to be common. †¢ Geographic sources of rivalry are becoming extensive. †¢ Pace of improvement is rapid. †¢ Product differentiation is deteriorating. †¢ Price competition is becoming further aggressive The modern marketing is customer oriented. All marketing activities revolve around the customer. As marketers began to study the behaviour of consumers, they soon realized that despite overriding similarities, all consumers were not alike. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Would a Marketer Consider Saying Negative Things About His or Her Product? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Consumers differ in their taste, interest, nature, habits, needs, wants, income, age, mode of purchasing, lifestyle and so forth. All consumers do not like to use the same product. In this sense, all commodity markets are not homogeneous; rather they are heterogeneous (Rohracher, H (2003)). The same product cannot satisfy the needs of selected groups of consumers, marketers adopt the strategy of market segmentation. The marketers subdivide a market into homogenous sub-sets of customers having common customers in one set, in order to facilitate the marketing of their products. Such selection of sub-sets as homogenous groups is called market segmentation. The market segmentation may be based on demographic, psychological or other strategic variables. Basic criteria for Market segmentation A market may be segmented on the basis of different variables. These variables can be grouped as: 1. Demographic factors 2. Geographical factors 3. Psychological or personality factors 4. Consumer- Behavioural factors 5. Socio- cultural factors. Demographic factors: This includes population characteristics. This segmentation can be affected on the basis of their; †¢ Age, For instance, Child, young ones, adults, old etc. Sex can be categorised as Children, male, female, etc. †¢ Income: high income groups, low income groups, middle class families etc comes under this category. †¢ Educational level: For instance, a book market can be segmented as primary, secondary, high school, degree, post-graduate etc. †¢ Occupational status: factors like the white collar workers and the blue collar workers, or businessmen, service class or professional etc. †¢ Size of the family: big or small family. For example, electronic equipments and other household products are marketed with respect to the size of family. Geographical factors: Here the market is divided on the basis of geographic locations. The different bases may be area such as each state may be divided into segments. This segments may be further divided into rural, urban or town areas, or on the basis of climate such as hill or plain areas. Psychological or personality factors: Here the segmentation is done on the basis of the intrinsic value of individual consumers. The bases are: Personality or Psychographic: these groups can be made on the basis of lifestyle, the social class, personality, or the motto of consumers. Benefit sought: here the segmentation is done on the basis of benefits sought by different groups. For example, toothpaste market, children look for flavour, young looks for brightness, larger families for decay prevention, and men for prices. Consumer Behavioural factors This mainly includes three factors such as; †¢ Rate of usage: the quantity to be purchased by different groups. †¢ Buyer’s Motive: motives such as economy, quality of the product, reliability, prestige in the society etc. †¢ Brand Loyalty Socio-Cultural Factors This mainly includes factors such as; Culture: different cultures have different values, beliefs and customs. †¢ Sub-culture: it also has different values etc. †¢ Social Class: which is on the basis of income status in the society †¢ Family Life Cycle: requirements differ in different stages of family life cycle. eg. Newly married, well established families etc. For effective market segmentation there are five majo r criteria. They are; 1. Identification and Measurability – this means that marketer must identify his consumer to whom he has to serve and whose requirements are almost the same. The size of the market segment should also be measurable. 2. Responsiveness – the marketer should also specify whether consumers respond positively to the firm’s product or service. 3. Adequate Market Potential – There must be a sufficient number of people who can purchase the company’s product at a profit. They must have sufficient purchasing power to demand the product. 4. Accessibility – Market should be easily accessible to the marketer. Some markets are inaccessible for legal reasons or cost reasons. 5. Stability – Market must be stable to have a continuous demand. There should be minimum change in the market. Models of consumer behaviour A model is a representative of an actual system. It focuses the similar features of that system. The aim of consumer behaviour models is to bring together our current awareness by introducing a series of models that try to describe the purchase decision procedure compared with pertinent variables (Lawrence, P. A. , and J. C. Jenkins (2000)). Various models have been proposed based on various factors such as environmental, scope, social, psychological, etc. The main objective of proposing models is to determine the purchasing behaviour of consumers. However, these models can be considered in determining. †¢ Consumers’ attitude towards purchasing. †¢ Appropriate variables while purchasing. †¢ The features of variables †¢ Interrelationship between them. The buyer/decision process In 1967, Faris, Wind and Robinson put forward a model that demonstrates purchasing as a trouble. This is revealed in Fig. 1 and it explains the activities relate to the purchasing process: Fig. 1 The buyer/decision model An individual requires a specific product. Information’s are collected from various sources including friends and family (commonly said as ‘word of mouth’) from catalogues, from visits to retail firms, from advertising, and from various sources. If the consumer is unaware of the product then the information search will be greater. The job of marketing is to make sure that the organisation’s products get high publicity throughout this ‘information search’ time and the optimum features of the product are stressed throughout the ‘evaluation of alternatives’ phase. This will place the organisation’s product in the top position prior to the ‘purchase decision’, since the consumer is still helpless to further influences to make the right choice. Marketers should also be conscious of ‘post-purchase behaviour’ as this can influence further business and forward looking organisations attach great concern to after-sales service to improve the initial sale. This will reduce the extent of dissatisfaction in case of legitimate complaints (Lawrence, P. A. , and J. C. Jenkins (2000)). Awareness of how the buyer/decision procedure operates is crucial for the success of marketing strategy. For simple purchases, the job of marketing is to guide the purchasing procedure in favour of the organisation’s products, maybe through an efficient advertising campaign. For more difficult purchases, consumers are assisted in their problem-solving procedures and that reassure is given to prove that their selection is a good one. The adoption process Marketers must initially make awareness and then help consumers through succeeding stages of the procedures. Consumers cannot start to consider a new service or product as an answer to need-related problems without this knowledge. Successful unique products should try to be problem-solving as much as the consumer is concerned. Fig. 2 The adoption process If the product has appeal and potential interest, then potential buyers will search for further information. Customers then assess the new product in contradiction to the existing products, and then create an initial espousal by getting a trial sample, which may be a trial purchase or a free sample. In adoption stage a decision is made whether to make use of the product. Post adoption confirmation is done when the product is adopted and the customer is looking for reassurance about the good sense of the purchase. Classification of Consumer Behaviour Models †¢ Economic Model – According to economic model, purchasing power of a customer depends on the concept of utility which states that if an individual has certain amount of money and defined sets of needs and a set of products then he or she will spend his or her money only on those products which yields him or her maximum benefits. The Learning Model – The learning model is fully based in the capability of a person to learn, discriminate and forget. It is based on Pavlovs stimulus response which states that to bring changes in the consumer’s behaviour one must change the stimuli, responses and drives as per consumer’s perceptions or attitude. †¢ The Psychoanalytical Model – Since, th e psychoanalytical model is a blend of two words psychology and analyses, it mainly deals with the study of psychology of customers. According to this model, every buying decision has a complicated motive by a purchaser which can be affected by his or her sense of longings and desires. The Sociological Model – According to the sociological model individuals decisions not only depends on utility factors but mainly they are dependent on societal factors like groups of society, levels of society, and attitudes of persons of society. However it should also be noted that purchasing decisions are governed by societal restrictions also. †¢ The Nicosia Model – The Nicosia model is one of the examples of systems model where humans are treated as a system, with inputs as stimuli and behaviour being its output. It is mainly constructed by considering the marketing viewpoint of a consumer. It was proposed by Francisco Nicosia, an expert in consumer motivation and behaviour in 1990. It establishes the relationship between firms and its consumer. It focuses how the activities of firm target the consumer to purchase firms products and finally its usage and evaluation on certain criteria (Shove, E (2003)). †¢ The Howard Sheth Model – The Howard Sheth model has been put forward by John Howard and Jagadish Sheth in 1969. This model states that there exists certain variable which affects the perception and learning of consumer, apart from inputs and outputs. These variables are imaginary as it is difficult to measure them directly. Several other models have been proposed to explain purchasers behaviour. But all these models have their own pros and cons. In spite of their limitations, these models are helpful in determining a buyers behaviour. The psychology of marketing The mission of marketing is to recognize consumers’ wants and needs precisely, then to develop services and products that will fulfil them. In marketing to be successful, it is not enough to merely find out what customers need, but to discover why it is necessary. Only by obtaining a comprehensive and deep understanding of consumer behaviour can marketing’s objectives can be realised (Kindig, L. June (2002)). Such an awareness of consumer behaviour helps to the mutual benefit of the marketer and consumer, permitting the marketer to turn into better capable of satisfying the consumer’s requirements effectively and determine a loyal group of consumers with a positive approach towards the organisation’s products. The psychological factors such as motivation, perception, motivation, learning, beliefs and attitudes have a great role in influencing consumer behaviour. Perception is the procedure by which consumers organize, select, and interpret information. It is divided into; †¢ Selective attention – tendency of people to eliminate almost all information to which they are exposed. †¢ Selective retention – to retain only part of the information to which they are exposed. †¢ Selective distortion – to interpret information in a way that supports what they already believe. Learning is the changes in a person’s behaviour, rising from experience. It happens through the interplay of stimuli, cues, drives, reinforcement and responses. A belief is the descriptive thought that a person holds about something. An attitude is a person’s consistency favourable or unfavourable feelings, tendencies and evaluations towards an idea and object (Wiser, R. H. (1998)). Motivation is the underlying force of any human activity not to mention buying alone. It is wishes or desires which initiate the sequence of events known as behaviour. Motivation depends on the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory. Theories related to consumer behaviour are; Involvement theory and Message presentation Two routes to persuasion- central route and peripheral route- theory are important in message presentation. The central route to persuasive theory suggests that a well documented advertisement concerning the pros and cons of the product encourages active, cognitive information processing that may induce the consumers to buy the products. It indicates a high involvement purchase situation (Shove, E (2003)) On the other hand; the peripheral route is adopted in low purchase situation. In such a case the marketer emphasizes the non- content message elements as background scenery, music celebrity spokespersons. Some marketers oversimplify the two- route approach differentiating between peripheral (emotional) and central (rational routes) message appeals. Therefore the message should stress the unfulfilled needs of the consumers (central routed) as well as visual and symbolic cues in the ad should also support product claims (peripheral route). Those two combined enhance the persuasiveness of the message. One sided vs. Two sided messages A message might be either one sided or two sided. The one sided message describes only the plus points of the product advertised. No weak point is mentioned in the advertisement. It does not acknowledge any strong points of the competitors’ products or weak point of the producers’ product. A two- sided message is one which describes not only the strong points of communicator’s product but also recognize the strong points of opposition’s products or few weak points of communicator’s product. Which type of message- one- sided or two sided- should be or should marketers tell their audiences only good points of their product or should they admit some negative qualities in their product? Which strategy should they adopt? The answer of these questions depends on two factors, type of audience and the type of competition (Shove, E (2003)). When the communicator is of the view that the audience are friendly (if audience uses his product) or they initially favours the communicator’s position or they are not likely to hear the opposition’s claims, then one-sided(supportive) message that favours only communicator’s message should be more effective. But when the audience are critical or unfavourable in the beginning or unfriendly (or if they uses opposition’s product) or if they are well educated or if they are likely to hear opposition’s claims, then a two –sided message is more effective because the audience tends to regard the communicator as more honest and objective since they admits merits of competitor’s products. Negative example There are various negative advertising between corporations. There are two main reasons for why they are not totally applicable to use. You don’t need to select. For instance, you can purchase both Pepsi and Coke. No one care about that. You can eat at both Burger King and McDonald’s – they are not going to stop you. One of the major driving forces behind recent advertising is that they are not directly related to sales numbers. And in many cases there will be a clear market leader who is impossible to overthrow. In future, Coke will rule the cola market. Since billboards and commercials don’t necessarily convert into money. The second reason is you are not required to watch the negative ads for products or corporation. They are mainly focused on branding; this means if you watch something linked to them you may correlate them with that particular brand. So when McDonald’s is attempting to be cool, health-aware, and their opponent open- Burger King is trying to be funny, quirky, and hip. There will be no cause for Burger King to hit McDonald’s directly in an ad as they’re legally restricted in what they are endorsed to say, and they will only be destroying their own product. And for those who do swipe at the rivalry usually do so in a deliberately humorous method. 1. One of the best examples for negative Ads is that what bad ideas Coca-Cola could tell about Pepsi. Actually this is not correct excluding that from their viewpoint their drink tastes excellent. This idea is what Coca-Cola normally uses to advertise, that their product tastes better. Thus they are indirectly advertising that their drink tastes much better comparing any other drink, for instance Pepsi. 2. The recent Burger King advertisement are adopting the similar strategy as the Pepsi challenge, in the Burger King ads they are demonstrating a faraway lands to locate a whopper virgin and are checking the flavour of the whopper against a Big McDonald’s, and the virgin selects the whopper of Burger king as better tasting. Thus they are indirectly advertising a negative ad against the Big McDonald. In fact the experts’ findings and the research proves that some negative advertisements can make opposite consequence in consumers. For instance: Anti-Tobacco ads might be creating more desire and consciousness for cigarettes. An anti-obesity advertisement tends to seem as negative messages that can cause social troubles and support discrimination. Conclusion The business world is very complex. There are various factors that may affect the behaviour of the customer. These factors can be an ethnic group, values, social class, religion, age, gender, etc. The consumers’ process, interpret, perceive and store the stimuli is very important. This job will explain how consumers perceive, what perception is and how this idea can be applied by marketers. We cannot assume customers of all countries alike in their purchasing habits. The marketers’ must know the consumers behaviour in exotic markets in order to develop their products or promotional plans to meet the requirements of the targeted foreign customers. Thus, the awareness of consumers behaviour is very important mainly for government agencies and marketers, it also benefits the customers. The awareness can serve as information for an educational programme planned to enhance their decision making regarding services and products. Reference 1. Kindig, L. June (2002),â€Å"Compare and contrast. † Quirk’s marketing research review. 16(6), 48–50. . Lawrence, P. A. , and J. C. Jenkins ( 2000),â€Å"Critical Differences Between Residential HVAC Customers’ and Contractors’ Perspectives. † Washington, DC,Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Vol. 6, p 6. 239-6. 260. 3. Lehmann, D. R. , and R. S. Winer. (1997),† Analysis for marketing planning†. Irwin/McGraw-Hill, Boston, Massachusetts. 4. Lawson, S. , and T. Glowa(2000), â€Å"Discrete Choice Experiments and Traditional Conjoint Analysis†, Quirk’s Marketing Research Review. Article No. 0592, http://www. quirks. com/article, accessed on November 30, 2010. . Northwest Energy Efficiency Alliance (2000),† Market Research Report: Residential Lighting Consumer Research†, Portland, Oregon: Regional Economic Research, Inc. 6. Rohracher, H(2003), â€Å"The role of users in the social sh aping of environmental technologies†, Innovation. V. 16, p. 177-192. 7. Shove, E (2003),† Comfort, cleanliness, and convenience. The social organization of normality†, Oxford and New York: Berg. 8. Vriens, M. , and F. Ter Hofstede(2000), â€Å"Linking attributes, benefits, and consumer value. † Marketing Research: A Magazine of Management and Applications. . 5–10. 9. Wiser, R. H. (1998), â€Å"Green power marketing: increasing customer demand for renewable energy† ,Utilities Policy. 7, 107–119. 10. Woodruff, R. B. , and S. F. Gardial(1996),† Know your customer: new approaches to understanding customer value and satisfaction†, Blackwell Publishers, Inc. , Malden,Massachusetts. Post-adoption confirmation Adoption Trial Evaluation Interest/Information Awareness Post-purchase behaviour Purchase decision Evaluation of alternatives Information search Problem recognition

Free Essays on The New Face Of Aids

The article â€Å"The New Face of Aids† discusses the fact that AIDs is no longer a gay white male disease, but has began to highly effect heterosexual minority women. The article comments on why this is happening and who it effects. Many people feel safe because they feel that they are in a â€Å"safe† monogamous relationship, however they are becoming most vulnerable. The article also suggest that women burdened my poverty, crime and poor health are more vulnerable because using contraceptives is the last thing on their mind. â€Å"Down low† is also a problem in which â€Å"straight† men have both heterosexual and homosexual relations at the same time, spreading AIDs to the unsuspecting heterosexual partners. Once people contract AIDs sometimes it is too hard and too expensive to get medical treatment. Unfortunately, people are not aware of how the AIDs epidemic is effecting African American women, including Vice President Dick Chaney or Senator Joh n Edwards AIDs has not vanished, it has merely shifted whom it affects. This is an ongoing problem for people without health care or cannot afford treatment. In order for the government to lower the cost of health care and provide treatment for these patients it would be very expensive. Intervention of the government may or may not be good for the economy. When government expenditures increases it causes GDP to rise. Perhaps an increase in treatment facilities would lower unemployment by creating many new jobs. However, government created AIDs facilities and low priced medication for all patients would also cause a higher demand for medical supplies, creating high prices and further increasing government spending . Such government expenditure may lead to an increase in taxes, lowering the consumption factor of GDP and even outweighing the government expenditure. I believe that there is no good answer for this problem. Government intervention would only lead to long lines and... Free Essays on The New Face Of Aids Free Essays on The New Face Of Aids The article â€Å"The New Face of Aids† discusses the fact that AIDs is no longer a gay white male disease, but has began to highly effect heterosexual minority women. The article comments on why this is happening and who it effects. Many people feel safe because they feel that they are in a â€Å"safe† monogamous relationship, however they are becoming most vulnerable. The article also suggest that women burdened my poverty, crime and poor health are more vulnerable because using contraceptives is the last thing on their mind. â€Å"Down low† is also a problem in which â€Å"straight† men have both heterosexual and homosexual relations at the same time, spreading AIDs to the unsuspecting heterosexual partners. Once people contract AIDs sometimes it is too hard and too expensive to get medical treatment. Unfortunately, people are not aware of how the AIDs epidemic is effecting African American women, including Vice President Dick Chaney or Senator Joh n Edwards AIDs has not vanished, it has merely shifted whom it affects. This is an ongoing problem for people without health care or cannot afford treatment. In order for the government to lower the cost of health care and provide treatment for these patients it would be very expensive. Intervention of the government may or may not be good for the economy. When government expenditures increases it causes GDP to rise. Perhaps an increase in treatment facilities would lower unemployment by creating many new jobs. However, government created AIDs facilities and low priced medication for all patients would also cause a higher demand for medical supplies, creating high prices and further increasing government spending . Such government expenditure may lead to an increase in taxes, lowering the consumption factor of GDP and even outweighing the government expenditure. I believe that there is no good answer for this problem. Government intervention would only lead to long lines and...

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian

Biography of Carter G. Woodson, Black Historian Carter G. Woodson (December 19, 1875–April 3, 1950) is known  as the father of black history and black studies. He worked tirelessly to establish the field of African-American history in the early 1900s, founding the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History and its journal. This son of two former slaves, he rose from modest origins to become the respected and groundbreaking historian who founded Negro History Week, today known as Black History Month. Fast Facts: Carter Woodson Known For: Known as the father of black history, Woodson founded Negro History Week, upon which Black History Month is foundedBorn: December 19, 1875 in New Canton, VirginiaParents: Anne Eliza Riddle Woodson and James Henry WoodsonDied: April 3, 1950 in Washington, D.C.Education: B.A. and M.A., University of Chicago. Ph.D., Harvard UniversityPublished Works:  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, A Century of Negro Migration, The History of the Negro Church, The Negro in Our HistoryAwards and Honors: 1926 NAACP Spingarn Medal, 1984 U.S. Postal Service 20 cent stamp honoring WoodsonNotable Quote: Those who have no record of what their forebears have accomplished lose the inspiration which comes from the teaching of biography and history. Early Life Woodsons parents owned a 10-acre tobacco farm near the James River in Virginia and their children had to spend most of their days doing farm work to help the family survive. This wasnt an unusual situation for farm families in late 19th-century America, but it did mean that young Woodson had little time to pursue his studies. Two of his uncles ran a schoolroom that met five months out of the year, and Woodson attended when he could. He learned to read using the Bible and his fathers newspapers in the evening. As a teenager, he went to work in the coal mines. During his free time, Woodson continued his education on his own, reading the writings of Roman philosopher Cicero and the Roman poet Virgil. Education When he was 20 years old, Woodson enrolled at Frederick Douglass High School in West Virginia, where his family then lived. He graduated in a year and went on to Berea College in Kentucky and Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. While he was still in college, he became an educator, teaching high school and serving as a principal. After his college graduation in 1903, Woodson spent time teaching in the Philippines and also traveled, visiting the Middle East and Europe. When he returned to the U.S., he enrolled at the University of Chicago and received both his bachelors and masters degrees in the spring of 1908. That fall, he became a doctoral student in history at Harvard University. The Founder of Black History Woodson was not the first African-American to earn a Ph.D. in history from Harvard; that distinction went to W.E.B. Du Bois. But when Woodson graduated in 1912, he embarked on the project of making the history of black Americans both visible and respected. Contemporary conventional historians were white and had a very narrow scope in their historical narratives; one of Woodsons professors at Harvard, Edward Channing, asserted that the negro had no history. Channing was not alone in this sentiment, and U.S. history textbooks and coursework emphasized political history, which covered the history of the white middle-class and affluent men. Woodsons first book was on the history of African-American education titled,  The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861, published in 1915. In his preface, he emphasized the importance and power of the African-American story: [T]he accounts of the successful strivings of Negroes for enlightenment under most adverse circumstances read like beautiful romances of a people in an heroic age. The same year that his first book came out, Woodson took the important step of creating an organization to promote the study of African-American history and culture. It was called the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History (ASNLH). He founded it with four other African-American men; they agreed to the project during a meeting at the YMCA and envisioned an association that would promote publishing in the field but also racial harmony by improving historical knowledge. The association had an accompanying journal that still exists today, The Journal of Negro History, which began in 1916. In 1920, Woodson became dean of the School of Liberal Arts at Howard University, and it was there that he created a formal African-American history survey course. That same year, he founded Associated Negro Publishers to promote African-American publishing. From Howard, he went on to West Virginia State, but in 1922 he retired from teaching and devoted himself entirely to scholarship. Woodson moved to Washington, D.C., and erected the permanent headquarters for the ASNLH. Woodson also continued to publish works such as  A Century of Negro Migration (1918), The History of the Negro Church (1921), and The Negro in Our History (1922). Negro History Week If Woodson had stopped there, he still would be remembered for helping to usher in the field of African-American history. But he wanted to spread knowledge of this history to black students of all ages. In 1926, he hit upon an idea- a week purely devoted to the celebration of the achievements of African-Americans. Negro History Week, the progenitor of todays Black History Month, began the week of Feb. 7, 1926. The week included the birthdays of both Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. Black educators, with Woodsons encouragement, rapidly adopted the week-long study of African-American history. Later Life and Death Woodson spent the rest of his life studying, writing about, and promoting black history. He fought to keep African-American history alive at a time when most white historians were actively hostile to the idea. He kept the ASNLH and its journal going, even when funding was scarce. Woodson died at his home in Washington, D.C., at the age of 74 on April 3, 1950. He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Cemetery in  Maryland. Legacy Woodson did not live to see Brown v. Board of Education, which made segregation in schools illegal, nor did he live to see the creation of Black History Month in 1976. But his brainchild, Negro History Week, is the direct predecessor of this significant educational advance. His efforts to highlight the achievements of African-Americans gave to the civil rights generation a deep appreciation of the heroes who had preceded them and in whose footsteps they were following. The achievements of African-Americans like Crispus Attucks and Harriet Tubman  are part of the standard U.S. history narrative today, thanks to Carter G. Woodson. Sources Baldwin, Neil. The American Revelation: Ten Ideals That Shaped Our Country from the Puritans to the Cold War. Macmillan, 2006.Carter G. Woodson: Father of Black History. Ebony. vol. 59, no. 4, February 2004. pp. 20, 108-110.Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene. The University of Illinois Press, 2007.Woodson, Carter G. The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861. G.P. Putnams sons, 1915.

Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professional Practice - Essay Example urse-led clinics which have provided opportunities to adjust patient care plans in meeting current needs and reducing the worsening of health issues (Schraeder, et.al., 2008). Nurse led clinics also assist in the collaboration process with physicians, helping identify roles, scope of practice and accepted communication avenues. They also help ensure timely and efficient communication about the patient’s status between the patient and the physician (Schraeder, et.al., 2008). Through follow-up contacts with the nurses in the nurse-led clinics, nurses help provide support for the patients in handling and understanding their condition (Rydeman and Tornkvist, 2005). Post-discharge support is an important aspect of chronic patient care because it reduces their admissions and improves their health outcomes. Nurse-led clinics are also important in managing chronic illnesses in the sense that they assist in the self-management of chronic diseases. They help provide support for the pati ents, as well as emotional bonds which provide patient compliance with the treatment processes (Furler, et.al., 2008). Patients discuss how they are able to establish a semblance of control over their condition with the support of health professionals, in the case of nurse-led clinics, the nurses are able to provide support for these chronically ill patients within their community and even their home setting. In effect, these clinics secure quality, consistent, and constant patient care for the chronically ill. D. (2008). The emotional context of self-management in chronic illness: A qualitative study of the role of health professional support in the self-management of type 2 diabetes. BMC Health Services Research, volume 8

How and why did the visionary architectural drawings of tienne-Louis Essay

How and why did the visionary architectural drawings of tienne-Louis Boulee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux challenge the classical style of their time - Essay Example The structures that they envisioned looked unbuildable because of their technical standards. The following paper tries to elaborate how both architects Etienne-Louis Boulee and Claude Nicolas Ledoux challenge classical style of their time. The historical importance of Ledoux is the fact that he introduced a new system in his architectural works. The new system incorporated new elements that became evident in the old system dominating it and replacing it with the new system. In French revolution period, theses architects are considered to have developed opposing principles. The work by Etienne is a demonstration of the new system in architecture where he asserts the importance of new principles in architecture and isolation of the other parts. In most cases, both architects are considered together but they are not similar in their architectural works. Ledoux is considered pragmatic because his works were developed to be constructed putting into consideration the needs of the people. On the other hand, Boullee does not seem to share the same interests. He was appointed as an architect by king Lous XVI in 1773 and before he could publish his work he was dismissed and arrested in 1793 by the revolutionary committee for al leged conspiracy of cooperating with Madame du Barry and for not acknowledging the king. His book was published in 1804 prior to his death, and this enabled him to share his ideas concerning architecture (Lawrence 25). Boullee’s theoretical designs for public cenotaphs sought to instigate lofty feelings in the view by architectural designs that suggested immensity, sublimity, and awesomeness of nature and divine aptitude underlying its creation. He was greatly inspired by indiscriminate interest for antiquity form Egyptian monuments experienced by his contemporaries. Boullee work is characterized by geometric forms put

A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users L

With homelessness levels rapidly increasing in the UK (Fitzpatrick et al., 2012), the necessity for a study analysing the spatial needs of homeless individuals who suffer from drug abuse and are housed in hostels/night shelters was paramount. The task of the critical appraisal is to firstly, summarise the research article A Qualitative Exploration of the Spatial Needs of Homeless Drug Users Living in Hostels and Night Shelters (2013), discuss the methodology presented throughout it and further examine if whether it was appropriate for the topic. Towards the end, the research findings will be discussed and an assessment of whether the article is beneficial for the housing sector or not, will be provided, along with any possible recommendations. The subject matter of the aforementioned journal article is an exploration of a sub-category of homeless individuals, namely drug users homeless. The correlation between homelessness and drug abuse and the vicious impact that each issues has on the other one, is sought throughout the article, reinforcing the need to tackle each one separately in order to reach an effective end result. After defining terms such as homelessness, drug use and night shelters, it continues to present a seven-fold categorisation of spatial needs that seem to not be met entirely by homeless accommodation providers. It argues that, according to Fitzpatrick and LaGory (2000), every individual requires a sense of privacy, safety, personal space and reasonable human interaction in order to maintain a healthy life and follows to provide definitions for the concepts of privacy and personal space. After presenting the layout of the article, it proceeds to discuss the methods applied for its research analysis and i ntrodu... ... Greg Guest, Emily E. Namey, Marilyn L. Mitchell (2013) Collecting Qualitative Data, A Field Manual for Applied Research, Sage Publications Given, L.M. (2008) The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Sage Publications Markle, D. T., Richard E. West & Peter J. Rich, Markle, D. Thomas; West, Richard E. & Rich, Peter J. (2011). Beyond Transcription: Technology, Change, and Refinement of Method [49 paragraphs]. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 12(3), Art. 21, Wholey, J.S., Hatry H.P., Newcomer K.E. (eds.) (2004) Handbook of Practical Program Evaluation , 2nd Edition. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Patton, M.K (2002) Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3rd Edition. Sage Publications . Maslow, A. H., A theory of human motivation Psychological Review, 50(4), Jul 1943, pp. 370-396. doi: 10.1037/h0054346

Company as a Separate Legal Entity Essay

A legal entity, typically a business, that is defined as detached from another business or individual with respect to accountability. A separate legal entity may be set up in the case of a corporation or a limited liability company, to separate the actions of the entity from those of the individual or other company. Meaning: If a business is a separate legal entity, it means it has some of the same rights in law as a person. It is, for example, able to enter contracts. In New Zealand, a company is a separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders) and can, for example, be sued, and enter into contracts in the name of the company, not the shareholders. Sole traders and partnerships are not separate legal, entities from the owners. Some Business entities like corporation, LLC can exist separately from its owners. In a common language that a corporation is a separate entity of its owners and corporation itself is an entity like human being created through legal or official process. Corporation lives and does its activities at its own existences and is treated in its own capacity. It does the business, it generates the revenue, it can incur losses, it hires the employees and it pays its own taxes. It is a better form of existence for the reason it takes its responsibilities itself, owners are free from their personal liabilities and owners enjoy limited personal liability (risk) only up to their investments in stocks, though there may be certain situations where their personal responsibilities can exceed from limited liability concept. Separate Entity Concept is better choice and it has better features because corporation enjoys separate entity concept, has indefinite life (perpetual). Management and ownership may change but corporation will exist indefinitely at its own existence, unless it is officially dissolved or merged. Corporation has a better scope for large & multiple businesses, expending business, securing debts, attracting investors, retaining professional setup and engaging professional management, promoting & achieving new ideal, expanding its activities at local to global level. Under Separate Entity Concept, Corporation is treated in its own capacity, but it is not a human being, it is an artificial being, therefore, it has to be managed by people in different capacities such as owners, The shareholders were Mr. Salomon,his wife, daughter and four sons. Two of his sons became directors; Mr. Salomon himself was managing director. Mr. Salomon owned 20,001 of the company’s 20,007 shares – the remaining six were shared individually between the other six shareholders. Mr. Salomon sold his business to the new corporation for almost ? 39,000, of which ? 10,000 was a debt to him. He was thus simultaneously the company’s principal shareholder and its principal creditor. Transfer of the business took place on June 1, 1892. The purchase money the company paid to Mr. Salomon for the business was ? 20,000. The company also gave Mr. Salomon ? 10,000 in debentures: that is, Salomon gave the company a ? 10,000 loan, secured by a charge over the assets of the company. The balance paid went to extinguish the business’s debts (? 1,000 of which was cash to Salomon). Soon after Mr. Salomon incorporated his business a series of strikes in the shoe industry led the government, Salomon’s main customer, to split its contracts among more firms. The government wanted to diversify its supply base to avoid the risk of its few suppliers being crippled by strikes. His warehouse, as a consequence, was full of unsold stock. He and his wife lent the company money, and he cancelled his debentures, but the company needed more money, so they sought ? 5,000 from a Mr. Edmund Broderip. Mr. Salomon assigned Broderip his debenture, the loan with ten per cent interest and secured by a floating charge. But Salomon’s business still failed, and he could not keep up with the interest payments. In October 1893, Broderip sued to enforce his security. The company was put into liquidation. Broderip was repaid his ? ,000, and the debenture was reassigned to Salomon, who retained the floating charge over the company JUDGMENT High Court: When the company went into liquidation, the liquidator argued that the debentures used by Mr. Salomon as security for the debt were invalid, on the grounds of fraud. The judge, Vaughan Williams J. accepted this argument, ruling that since Mr. Salomon had created the company solely to transfer his business to it, the company was in reality his agent and he as principal was liable for debts to unsecured creditors. Court Of Appeal: The Court of Appeal also ruled against Mr. Salomon, though on the grounds that Mr. Salomon had abused the privileges of incorporation and limited liability, which the Legislature had intended only to confer on â€Å"independent bona fide shareholders, who had a mind and will of their own and were not mere puppets†. The Lords: The House of Lords unanimously overturned this decision, rejecting the arguments from agency and fraud. They held that there was nothing in the Act about whether the subscribers (i. e. he shareholders) should be independent of the majority shareholder. The company was duly constituted in law and it was not the function of judges to read into the statute limitations they themselves considered expedient. The 1862 Act created limited liability companies as legal persons separate and distinct from the shareholders. Lord Halsbury stated that the statute â€Å"enacts nothing as to the extent or degree of interest which may be held by each of t he seven [shareholders] or as to the proportion of interest or influence possessed by one or the majority over the others. Lord Halsbury remarked that – even if he were to accept the proposition that judges were at liberty to insert words to manifest the intention they wished to impute to the Legislature – he was unable to discover what affirmative proposition the Court of Appeal’s logic suggested. He considered that identifying such an affirmative proposition represented an â€Å"insuperable difficulty† for anyone putting forward the argument propounded by the lord justices of appeal. Lord Herschell noted the potentially â€Å"far reaching† implications of the Court of Appeal’s logic and that in recent years many companies had been set up in which one or more of the seven shareholders were â€Å"disinterested persons† who did not wield any influence over the management of the company. Anyone dealing with such a company was aware of its nature as such, and could by consulting the register of shareholders become aware of the breakdown of share ownership among the shareholders. Lord Macnaghten asked what was wrong with Mr. Salomon taking advantage of the provisions set out in the statute, as he was perfectly legitimately entitled to do. It was not the function of judges to read limitations into a statute on the basis of their own personal view that, if the laws of the land allowed such a thing, they were â€Å"in a most lamentable state†, as Malins V-C had stated in an earlier case in point, In Re Baglan Hall Colliery Co. , which had likewise been overturned by the House of Lords.